Ingredients

The scientific name for quinoa is *Chenopodium quinoa*. This plant originates from the Andean region of South America, where it was domesticated by pre-Columbian civilisations more than 5,000 years ago. The name 'quinoa' derives from the Spanish term for the plant, which in turn, is derived from the Quechua word 'kinwa' or 'künwa'. Historically, quinoa has been revered not only as a food source, rich in protein and essential amino acids, but also for its versatile applications in various fields, including cosmetics and personal care.

Tasmanian pepperberry is scientifically known as *Tasmannia lanceolata*. This name is derived from its geographical origins in Tasmania, Australia, where it has been revered for centuries by Indigenous cultures. The species name 'lanceolata' refers to the lance-shaped leaves of the plant, highlighting its unique morphological characteristics. Historically, the plant has been used not only as a culinary spice but also for its medicinal properties, which have been passed down through generations. The potential of this plant as a natural ingredient, particularly in haircare, has gained attention in recent years, leading to its inclusion in various haircare products.

The scientific name of jojoba seed oil is *Simmondsia chinensis*. This plant was first discovered by Europeans in the late 18th century during their explorations of North America. Indigenous to the arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States, Simmondsia chinensis has been used for centuries by native populations for its beneficial properties. The oil is extracted from the seeds of the jojoba plant, which can thrive in harsh conditions, making it a sustainable resource. The name "jojoba" is derived from the Spanish term for the plant, and it has been deeply embedded in both local indigenous practices and more contemporary beauty solutions.

The scientific name for macadamia is *Macadamia integrifolia*. This name reflects its classification within the family Proteaceae, which includes a range of flowering plants native to Australia and nearby regions. The genus name 'Macadamia' honours the Scottish-Australian chemist John Macadam, who was instrumental in the development of the macadamia nut industry during the 19th century. The term 'integrifolia' describes the species' leaves, which are unlobed and smooth-edged. The rich history of this ingredient isn't just a matter of classification; macadamia has been growing in significance within beauty and personal care, particularly in haircare formulations, thanks to its numerous beneficial properties.

The scientific name for seaweed extract can vary depending on the species of seaweed being used. Commonly-used varieties include *Laminaria japonica*, *Ascophyllum nodosum*, and *Fucus vesiculosus*. The term "seaweed" encompasses a diverse range of marine plants and algae, many of which have find applications in skincare and haircare. The scientific classification of seaweed is rooted in the study of phycology, the branch of botany that pertains to algae. This classification system helps in understanding the nutritional and functional properties of different types of seaweeds, enabling their application in cosmetic formulations, including haircare products.

The scientific name for seaweed is *Phaeophyceae*, a class that comprises various species of brown algae. The term ‘phaeophyte’ derives from the Greek words "phaeo," meaning "dusky," and "phyceae," which translates to "seaweed." This classification was first introduced in the late 19th century by botanists attempting to categorise marine plants based on their morphological characteristics. Seaweed is a vital component of marine ecosystems and has been utilised for centuries in diverse cultures for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Its inclusion in haircare formulations reflects a growing interest in the benefits of natural ingredients derived from marine environments.

Hibiscus is scientifically classified as *Hibiscus rosa-sinensis*. The nomenclature stems from Latin roots; "Hibiscus" is derived from the Greek word 'hibiskos,' which refers to the mallow plant. The species name "rosa-sinensis" translates to "rose of China," attributing its origins to the region, as it is widely believed that this species was cultivated in China before making its way to other parts of the world. Over centuries, hibiscus has been treasured for its ornamental flowers and has been used in various traditional practices, including haircare.

Tyrosine, scientifically known as *L-tyrosine*, is a non-essential amino acid that is significant in the biosynthesis of proteins. First identified in the late 19th century, the name "tyrosine" is derived from the Greek word "tyros," meaning cheese, as it was discovered in the casein of cheese. This amino acid is formed from phenylalanine, another amino acid, and plays an integral role in the production of several crucial neurotransmitters and hormones in the human body.

The scientific name of turmeric is *Curcuma longa*. This perennial plant belongs to the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, and is primarily cultivated in South Asia, particularly in India. The name Curcuma is derived from the Arabic word 'kurkum,' meaning saffron or turmeric, while the specific epithet 'longa' refers to its elongated rhizome. The utilisation of turmeric dates back thousands of years, particularly in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, where it was revered not only as a spice but also for its considerable health benefits.

The scientific name for turkey tail mushroom is *Trametes versicolor*. This nomenclature originates from its distinct colouration and tiered, fan-like appearance reminiscent of a turkey’s tail. The species name, versicolor, is derived from Latin, meaning “of different colours,” which aptly describes the mushroom's vibrant hues ranging from browns to blues and greens. Turkey tail has been well-known in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries, where it has been utilised for its health-promoting properties.

Triethyl citrate is the scientific name for an ester derived from citric acid, which is commonly obtained from natural sources such as citrus fruits. This ingredient has gained recognition in various industries, including skincare. It was initially identified as a safe and effective compound in food preservation, but its applications gradually expanded to cosmetics and personal care products. The name *triethyl citrate* is derived from its chemical structure, which features three ethyl groups attached to a citrate backbone. This connectivity hints at its effectiveness as a stabiliser and emulsifier, amplifying its utility within the skincare domain.

The scientific name for the tomato is *Solanum lycopersicum*. Historically, this name stems from the Latin roots "solanum," meaning nightshade, and "lycopersicum," which translates to "wolf peach," referencing its origins in the Andean region of South America where it was cultivated. Tomatoes were introduced to Europe in the 16th century following the Spanish colonisation of the Americas, and they were initially met with suspicion before becoming integrated into various culinary practices.

Thaumatin, scientifically known as *Thaumatococcus daniellii*, is a natural sweet protein derived from the fruit of the West African plant. Discovered in the 1970s, thaumatin has been recognised for its sweetness, which is approximately 2,000 to 3,000 times sweeter than sucrose. Its unique properties were first explored by researchers in the context of food and pharmaceuticals, leading to its classification as a natural food additive.

The scientific name for taurine is *2-aminoethanesulfonic acid*. First identified in bovine bile in 1827 by the German chemist Friedrich Tiedemann and his colleague, Johann Ludwig Wöhler, taurine is derived from the Latin word 'taurus,' meaning bull. Since its discovery, taurine has been recognised not only for its presence in bile but also in various biological tissues of the human body, contributing to its classification as a vital component of human nutrition and physiology.

The scientific name of tapioca is *Manihot esculenta*. This name stems from the Latin classification attributed to the cassava plant, which is native to South America. The name "Manihot" is derived from the indigenous Tupi word "mani," meaning "cassava," which has been cultivated for over 5,000 years. Tapioca is produced from the starch extracted from the cassava root, a process that has been refined over generations. Initially valued as a staple food source, tapioca has evolved into an important ingredient in various cuisines and health products worldwide.

The scientific name of tamanu seed oil is *Calophyllum inophyllum L.*. This evergreen tree is native to tropical regions of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, with its historical usage primarily in Polynesia and Southeast Asia. The name Calophyllum comes from the Greek words "kallos," meaning beautiful, and "phyllon," meaning leaf. Traditionally, the oil extracted from the seeds of this tree has been used for centuries in various cultures for its medicinal properties, particularly for treating skin ailments, thus giving rise to its popularity in skincare formulations today.

The scientific name of tamanu oil is *Calophyllum inophyllum*. This name derives from Greek, where "calophyllum" means “beautiful leaf”, and “inophyllum” is derived from the word "inophyllum", referring to the plant’s abundant green foliage. Tamanu oil has a rich history, used for centuries in traditional medicine across the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia. Indigenous populations have revered it not only for its beneficial properties but also for the multifaceted way it can be incorporated into daily life, from within traditional balms to being a staple of holistic skincare routines.

The scientific name for tahini is *Sesamum indicum*, which is derived from the flowering plant it originates from — the sesame plant. Wild sesame is believed to be native to the Indus Valley region and has been cultivated for thousands of years. The use of sesame seeds dates back to ancient civilisations in Asia and the Middle East, eventually resulting in the creation of tahini as a paste made from ground sesame seeds. The name 'sesame' is thought to be derived from the Arabic word "simsim" and the Greek "sésamos."

Sweet orange oil is scientifically classified as *Citrus sinensis*. This name is derived from Latin, where 'Citrus' refers to the genus of fruit-bearing trees and 'sinensis' designates the species, reflecting its Chinese origin. The sweet orange, a hybrid of the pomelo and the mandarin, has a long history dating back to ancient China.

Sucrose cocoate’s scientific name is “Sucrose cocoate’” and it’s a surfactant derived from the combination of sugar (sucrose) and coconut fatty acids. This ingredient has been defined scientifically to highlight its natural sourcing and physical-chemical properties. The term "sucrose" signifies the sugar molecule, while "cocoate" indicates its connection to coconut.

Squalene, scientifically known as *squalene* (C30H50), is a triterpene hydrocarbon that is found naturally in several sources, including shark liver oil, plant oils, and human sebum. The name "squalene" derives from the Latin word "squalus," which means "shark."

Spinach is scientifically referred to as *Spinacia oleracea L.*, a member of the Amaranthaceae family. Its name derives from the Latin "Spinacia," which is believed to have been influenced by the Arabic term "isbanakh," further highlighting its historical cultivation in various regions.

The scientific name of Sodium Hyaluronate Crosspolymer is *Hyaluronic acid, sodium salt, polymer with 1,1'-sulfonylbis[ethene]*. It is the sodium salt form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring biopolymer found in connective tissues, skin, and cartilage. This ingredient has emerged as a result of advancements in polymer chemistry,

Sodium chloride, commonly referred to as table salt, carries the scientific name *NaCl*, signifying its composition of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ions. Historically, the term is derived from the Latin “sal”, which refers to salt. The importance of sodium chloride dates back to ancient civilisations.